When deciding between copper pipe and PVC pipe, there are several factors to consider. These include:
Depending on the parameters of your project, one material may work better than the other.
Copper pipe has a longer history and a greater reputation for durability, but is more expensive and has some problems with higher pressure. It is also more difficult to install.
PVC pipes are cheaper and easier to use, but have a low melting point and a greater concern for chemical leaching. They are poorly suited for outdoor use.
Keep reading to better understand which pipe is better.
Copper pipe bases
At one point in history, copper was your only option for plumbing in your home. You see these pipes in many older homes, and those who have taken care of them can expect many years of service.
Copper is many things. It is a natural metal that is less expensive than its relatives, but is also strong and flexible. Copper pipes are an excellent choice for many plumbing applications, but you need to have the right environment and budget.
Copper pipes are less common now and harder to maintain, but they have a long life and a beautiful appearance for those who need them.
The Basics of PVC Pipes
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) pipes are one of the most popular plumbing materials used today, surpassing copper based on ease and low cost. They are relatively strong, light and easy to use.
While their areas of acceptable use overlap, PVC is not always a suitable substitute for copper pipe. This material may work better than copper in some areas, but PVC does not fit in tighter spaces and is not suitable for a water supply pipe.
PVC pipes also raise suspicions about the effects of plastic pipes on health and the environment. Weighing the risks and benefits is important when deciding between PVC and other materials.
Copper Pipes vs. PVC: What’s the Difference?
The most notable the differences between copper and PVC pipes to spin around:
- Pipeline longevity, flexibility and durability
- How it reacts to acid water and corrosion
- Acceptable temperature range
- Applicable use
- Chemical leaching and health problems
- Recyclability and sustainability
- Ease of installation and repair
- Cost of parts and labor
Copper and PVC pipes have very different structures, which makes them suitable for different situations, especially when used in your home’s plumbing system.
1. Longevity, flexibility and durability
Copper pipes have a proven lifespan of at least 70 years when cared for. Some installations, although rarer, exceed 100 years of use and maintenance.
Copper is a flexible material that resists vibration damage, and these pipes are a common choice for earthquake zones. They are also suitable for installation outdoors or in areas where UV exposure is imminent.
PVC pipes are thicker and handle impacts or abrasions more easily. Although they have only been used for a few decades, some estimate that they can last as long as copper pipes.
However, PVC pipes are more likely to fail prematurely. While copper pipes come together with solder, the cement solvent that binds PVC doesn’t last as long. This leads to leaks over time, often before the PVC pipe is compromised.
2. Chemical resistance
Plastics such as PVC hold up remarkably well against acidic water and corrosive materials. PVC pipes do not react with air and water like metal, and you can transport most materials without worrying about this problem.
PVC cannot transfer materials such as:
- esters
- ketones
- ethers
- Aromatic or chlorinated hydrocarbons
Plastic can absorb such materials, causing it to swell and compromising its strength.
Copper pipes are more resistant to chlorine than PVC pipes, making them a better choice for certain municipal water conditions.
A common problem with copper pipes is how they reacts to certain water levels. Acidic water sources increase copper leaching, while alkaline water contains minerals that can cause build-up in copper pipes.
Copper metal reacts with the air in the water in certain ways, which causes holes that compromise the integrity of the pipe. They only get worse with time and are more difficult to repair with copper pipe.
3. Acceptable temperatures
Copper pipe has a wider suitable temperature range and works best with materials between 77° and 302° Fahrenheit.
Copper is not suitable for use in cold conditions, especially in areas where piping materials can freeze and thaw rapidly. Copper walls are thinner than other materials, and rapid expansion makes them prone to cracking.
Copper pipes must be insulated to prevent energy loss and protect them from lower temperatures.
PVC pipes do not withstand high temperatures well and have a suitable temperature range of 33° to 140° Fahrenheit. Although they are less likely to fail if frozen, they are still not the best choice for freeze-thaw conditions.
The plastic has a low melting point and will release toxic fumes when it melts. Hot water in most homes is limited to 140° Fahrenheit, but this leaves little room for error and can be catastrophic in a fire.
4. Applicable Use
Given these differences, copper pipes are often used for:
- Supply and distribution of domestic water (both hot and cold, potable and non-potable)
- Air conditioning and refrigeration lines (where there is no risk of frozen liquid)
- Transport of medical gases (due to antimicrobial properties)
- Fire sprinkler lines (due to upper temperature limits)
- Fuel gas distribution lines (for both residential and non-residential buildings)
PVC pipes have a more limited range of use. Must meet the appropriate NSF classification for potable water piping, but may otherwise be used for:
- Transportation of waste water
- Sewerage and underground drainage
- Transporting rainwater
- Protective cables
- Transport of certain chemicals
CPVC, a variant of PVC with a higher chlorine content, can be used at higher temperature settings.
5. Chemical leaching and health concerns
Both copper and PVC pipes can leak, evident by a metallic or plasticy taste.
Copper hosts fewer leaching concerns and is a natural mineral that is essential for proper development. The material is resistant to bacterial growth, protecting water sources from contamination.
Abnormal copper intake (anything over 2 mg per day) will likely manifest as gastrointestinal problems. Long-term use can lead to:
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Stomach cramps
- Nausea
- Liver and kidney damage
Those with preexisting conditions that increase copper absorption, such as Wilson’s or Menke’s disease, are more at risk.
PVC pipes are at greater risk of chemical contamination. A study shows that houses built before 1977 with PVC pipes had a level of contamination higher than the maximum allowed.
More modern PVC must meet certain standards to combat contamination, but these still include suspect materials (such as phthalates and BPA) known to cause damage to the brain, liver and reproductive systems.
While adults withstand short-term exposure well, infants and younger children are more susceptible to irreversible changes.
6. Recyclability and sustainability
Copper has a better reputation for its environmental impact.
The mining and manufacture of copper pipes may have a greater impact than that of PVC, but that is where it ends. Once copper is mined, it is completely recyclable. Disposing of copper is also safer than disposing of PVC.
PVC pipes can be recycled depending on your location and the condition of the pipe, but the process is more damaging than copper recycling. Solvents mess up the acceptable material.
PVC contains additives that release hydrochloric acid and heavy metals such as lead when removed. Burning PVC, either through single-use or unfortunate circumstances, releases harmful chemicals into the air and poses a threat to respiratory health.
7. Ease of installation and repair
PVC is easier to use, install and repair than copper pipe, especially for the hobbyist or do-it-yourselfer. All you have to do is cut your pipe, prime the materials and fit them together with joint compound.
The copper pipe must be bent or soldered at its joints. While it fits better in small spaces, it’s more work to get the ductwork exactly how you need it.
Copper pipe is also more difficult to repair. Damaged areas of PVC pipe can be cut out and replaced with another pipe and fittings. The surrounding area is usually larger and offers more work space.
Problem areas in copper piping, especially those in smaller areas, are difficult to cut out and replace.
8. Parts and labor costs
Copper costs much more than PVC per linear foot. For example, this one Fixed estimate offers $20 to $30 per linear foot of copper and only $0.50 to $5 per linear foot of PVC.
If you are paying for a professional plumber to install, you may be paying more for the expertise and time of a plumber who installs copper pipes.
Copper is also an attractive material for thieves who want to sell the material. While pipes hold up to outdoor conditions, they may not hold up to thieves with pipe cutters.
Conclusion
When choosing between copper pipe and PVC pipe, evaluate the conditions of your project and choose the material that works best for you.
Those on a budget should be fine with PVC pipes, as long as they don’t work with hot materials, install pipes in direct sunlight, and understand the dangers to human health and the environment.
Copper pipe performs better in high temperature situations and has a more aesthetic appearance if the pipe is exposed. It is a more durable material, but poorly suited for transporting corrosive materials or at freezing temperatures.
Need help choosing between copper and PVC pipe for your project? Comment with any questions or concerns!
